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Tïjonïk 39 Na weta’m taj (I don’t know)
Perfect

Introduction

The perfect is used in a variety of ways in K’iche’. It mainly denotes that an action was begun in the past, but it also has other uses, which we will study in this unit.

TZIJONIKText

Our ajtij Xwan tells a story: pay attention to the uses of the perfect in it, and review after studying the grammatical explanation in the Kem chi’ section.

Show/Hide English translation

Like that, he was asleep, alone. He didn’t have any live compañeros. They were all dead, laying in the darkness. The place where they were was deserted. Only the rumble of the sacred earth was heard, the whisper of the sacred wind and the roar of a great river. No one has heard something like this. No one has lived something like this. No one has gone where they went. No one has passed where they passed. No one has seen what this group of men saw. It was known that they were being chased, they were looked for, but no one saw where they went. All because they wished for something wished for by many. The dreamed something dreamed by many. They sought for something that many sought for. Now, the one who survived, he had fallen asleep in the darkness, he survived because it was written in the sacred books. There was in this world all types of illness and suffering for him to die, but his life was already bought, so he was saved before his compañeros were born.
 Xa k’u jeri’ utukel chik warnaq maj chi jun rachi’il k’aslik, konojel e kaminaq chik e punupuj pa ri polikalaj q’equ’m, ri kolb’al e k’o wi sib’alaj katz’inowik, xaq xewub’irirem ri loq’alaj uwachulew katatajik, ri uxuk’xutem ri loq’alaj kaqiq’ chi’il riuyojojem  jun nimalaj b’inel ja’; maj jun townaq jun jastaq jacha la’, maj jun xajownaqjun jastaq jacha la’, maj jun opanaq ja wi ri xo’pan wi, maj jun q’axnaq ja wi le xeq’axwi, maj jun ilownaq  ri’ ri xkil ri jun tzob’aj achijab’; xeta’maxik cher eterene’em, rumalla’ etzukum par maj jun xilowik ja wi xe b’e wi; xa na k’u rumal cher xkirayij junjastaq cher e k’i e rayinaq, xkachk’aj jun jastaq cher e k’i e achik’anaq, xkitzukuj junjastaq cher e k’i e tzukuwnaq. Are k’u ri’ ri xk’asik, ri warnaq pa ri polikalaj q’equ’m:xkolotajik ma je la’ le uk’astemal tzib’atal pa le tyoxalaj wuj, pa we wachulew sik’italronojel uwach yab’il, k’axk’olil chirij arech kakamik cherma ri are’  ojer tzij loq’otal chila le uk’aslemal, xa cha ri are’ kolotal chu’loq mojo’qa cha’laxa le’rachi’il.
KEMCHI’Grammar

A verb in this aspect indicates that the action was begun in the past; the action or its effects continue up into the present.  Intransitive and transitive verb stems may be presented in the perfect using different suffixes.

This aspect is only marked by a suffix and carries no prefixed aspect marker.  Pronoun use is exactly as in a finite verb from, i.e. transitive constructions take Set A (ergative) and Set B (absolutive) pronouns in the same order as in finite verbs; intransitive perfects are marked by Set B pronouns only.

 

Perfect aspect in K’iche’

Intransitive stems

For intransitive verb roots, passive II, and antipassive stems the perfect is formed with the suffix –(i)naq.  Perfect from positionals are formed with –(i)naq from the adjective/stative stem ending in –Vl/Vn. The subject is marked with absolutive agreement:

  1. In warnaq.
    I have slept.
  2. Uj kosnaq.
    We are tired.
  3. Tak’alnaq.
    It stopped (a car, bus).
  4. In kunatajnaq.
    I have been cured.
  5. At to’tajnaq.
    You have been helped
  6. In kunannaq.
    I have cured.
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    In in ch’ayowinaq.
    I myself have hit.
  8. In chakunaq kuk’.
    I have worked with them.
  9. Jachin chiwe uj ilowinaq?
    Which one of you has seen us?

 

Transitive verb stems (CVC and non-CVC):
In active and passive I voice (passive II see above), the perfect suffix is –om; when root vowel is –u- the suffix is –um. In word final position the vowel of the perfect suffix lengthens (usually not represented in writing). Roots that end in a glottal stop, only add –m.

 

ACTIVE VOICE

CVC transitive

  1. At wilom.
    I have seen you.
  2. Wilom.
    I have seen him/her/it.
  3. Uj kilom.
    They have seen us.

 

Non-CVC transitive

  1. At nutzukum.
    I have looked for you.
  2. In itzukum.
    You all have searched for me.
  3. At qato’m.
    We have helped you.

 

PASSIVE VOICE: for the perfect passive the root does not lengthen.  These forms are distinguished from their active counterparts by the use of Set B pronouns only.

CVC transitive

  1. In ilom.
    I have been seen
  2. Wilom.
    I have seen.
  1. Uj ilom.
    We have been seen.
  2. Qilom.
    We have seen.
  1. I’lom.
    They have been seen.
  2. Kilom.
    They have seen.Non-CVC transitive

  3. In tzukum.
    I have been searched for.
  4. Nutzukum.
    I have searched.
  1. E tzukum.
    They have been searched for.
  2. Tzukum alaq.
    You all (formal) have been searched for.
  3. At to’m.
    You have been helped.
  4. Uj to’m.
    We have been helped.

 

Pay close attention to the person marker closest to the verb: if ergative, it is the agent of a transitive construction; if absolutive, the verb form is intransitive, and the pronoun indicates the subject.

  1. Nuterne’em.
    I have followed him.
  2. In terne’em.
    I have been followed.

 

USE OF THE PERFECT ASPECT

Perfect aspect expresses the idea of an action that began in past time and continued into the present. This form can be translated into English as an –ing form.

  1. Warnaq le ak’al.
    The child is sleeping.
  2. We ne petnaq ri achi chanim.
    Maybe the man is coming now.
  3. Jachin eqanaq la’ le si’?
    Who is packing/carrying that firewood there?
  4. At qiye’m chanim.
    We are waiting for you.

 

 

Verbal adjective
The verb in the perfect aspect is used as an adjective:

  1. kaminaq tz’i
    dead dog
  2. sachinaq achi
    lost man

 

Pluperfect Aspect

The perfect aspect is translated as the pluperfect (had) when it is used with chik. Often it appears in  a sentence accompanied by a second verb phrase whose verb is in the completed aspect.

  1. Kaminaq chi ri achi are taq xujopan pa ro’ch.
    The man had already died when we arrived at his house.
  2. Uj ch’ajanaq chik are taq xujiwil pa b’e.
    We had already bathed when you saw us on the road.

 

Future Perfect Aspect

The perfect aspect is translated as the future perfect (will have) when it is used with chik and in a sentence accompanied by a second verb phrase whose verb is in the incomplete aspect.

  1. O’kinaq chi le ixoqib’ pa k’ayb’al are taq kujopan chweq.
    The woman will have entered already the market when we arrive tomorrow.
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    Rajawaxik ix ulinaq chik are taq kujb’e oj.
    It is necessary that you will have already arrived when we go.
  3. We ne majim chi le chomal aretaq kujopanik.
    Maybe the meeting will have already begun when we arrive

 

Note: the verb eta’maj
Not only is the perfect stem a little irregular (eta’m), in the perfect aspect the meaning of eta’maj “learn” changes to “know”

  1. Weta’am.
    I know.
  2. Reta’am.
    He knows.
  3. Eta’m alaq.
    You all (formal) know.
K’AK’A TAQ TZIJVocabulary
torb’al / lawe key
q’aq’ fire
ch’ich’ car
muqum buried
kami’x shirt
sach(o) to lose, to make a mistake, to disappear
q’atuj (vtr)  to visit
CHAK KECH TIJOXELAB’Exercises

Translate the following phrases to English:

  1. Eleq’am ri nuch’ich’.
  2. La awilom le nulawe/nutorb’al?
  3. Xa nuloq’om ri kami’x ri’ aretaq xinsacho.
  4. Aretaq b’anom ri si’, kaqatzij le nuq’aq’.
  5. La taqom le wuj le nutz’ib’am chawe?
  6. La asik’im uwach ri wuj ri’?
  7. Na inwarnaq taj, rumal ri’ k’o sib’alaj nuwaram.
  8. Muqum ri kaminaq achi chuxe jun nimalaj che’.
  9. Keb’ q’ij chi k’ayinaq ri ixoq ri’ maj jun jastaq xuk’ayij.
  10. Na oj kowinaq taj qaq’atum.

Translate the following phrases to K’iche’:

  1. You had not arrived (there) when we left.
  2. Xwan had made moonshine for the party.
  3. She says that the book you lost has been found.
  4. She says that her father has found the book you lost.
  5. You won’t find it if you haven’t looked for it.
  6. My neighbor has not been seen for three days.
  7. I think he has been working in town.
  8. Have these clothes been washed?
  9. They didn’t invite us because their house had not been cleaned.
  10. They have been married for eight years.