Tïjonïk 15 Kinusik’ij le nunan (My mother calls me)
Transitive Verbs

The morphology of K’iche’ transitive verbs is different than that of transitive verbs in both English and Spanish. As in Spanish and English, transitive verbs in K’iche’ are marked for the subject or agent. But unlike Spanish and English, in K’iche’ they are also marked for the object. This means that verbs carry morphemes referring to both subject and object. Linguists call the former ergative markers (set A) and the latter absolutive markers (set B). The following examples are consonant initial verbs. We will study vowel-initial verbs later.

Ex. 1
Kinusik’ij le nunan.
K-in-u-sik’ij le nu-nan
K     –  in     –   u  –   sik’ij         le            nu  –  nan
Inc  –  1sB  – 3sA-   call         art.     1sPos  –  mamá
My mother calls me

Abbreviations: Inc = Incompletive Aspect; 1sB First Person Singular, Set B; 3sA = Third person singular, set A; 1sPoss = First person singular, possessive

In example 1, the absolutive marker (Set B) /-in-/ denotes the object “me” and the ergative marker (Set A) /-u-/ the subject “she”. Note that both subject and object are marked on the verb itself. Ergative markers are known as “set A” and absolutive markers as “set B”. The prefix /k-/ is the incompletive marker, as you know, and the verbal root is /sik’ij/.

Ex. 2
Xixqach’ab’ej iwir.
X-ix-qa-chab’ej iwir.
X         –    ix      –  qa   –   chab’ej    iwir
Comp. –  2pB  –  1pA  –   speak     yesterday
We spoke to you all yesterday.

Abbreviations: Comp. = Completive Aspect; 2pB = Second person plural, Set B; 1pA = First person pulral, Set A.

In Ex. 2 the prefix /x-/ is the completive marker ; /-ix-/  marks the second person plural object “you all”; /-qa-/ marks the subject, first person plural “we” and /-ch’ab’ej/ is the verbal root.

The following table is a preliminary summary of the morphology of K’iche’ transitive verbs:

Kinds of transitive verbs

According to their morphology, K’iche’ has two kinds of transitive verbs:

1) Root Transitives: The root has the form CVC where C is a consonant and V is a vowel. In phrase-final position they take a phrase-final marker, which is usually the root vowel.

Ex. 3
La xaloq’ jun alej?
la x-Ø-a-loq’ jun a-lej
la       x     –   Ø   –   a   –   loq’         jun       a  –   lej
Int. Comp.-3sB-2sA  –  to buy     una    2sPos-tortilla
Did you buy (yourself) a tortilla?

Abbreviations: Int = Interrogative particle; Comp. = Completive aspect; 3sB = Third person singular, Set B; 2sA =Second person singular, Set A; 2sPoss = Second person singular, Possessive.

Je’, xinloq’o.
je’ x-Ø-in-loq’-o
je’    x  –     Ø   –     in    – loq’    -o
yes Comp-  3sB- 1sA  –  buy-  PF
Yes, I bought it.

Abbreviations: Comp. = Completive aspect; 3sB = Third person singular, Set B; 1sA = First person singular, Set A;  PF = Phrase final marker.

In Ex. 3, when the verb appears in phrase final position, it takes the phrase final marker /-o/, which echoes the root vowel in /loq’/ “buy”.

Ej. 4
La xib’an le ichak?
La x-Ø-i-b’an le i-chak?
La  –      x     –     Ø   –    i    –  b’an    le          i      –   chak.
Int. – Comp.  – 3sB – 2pA – to do  art.  2pPoss  –  work.
Did you all do your work?

Je’ xqab’ano.
Je’ x-qa-b’an-o.
Yes     x    –   Ø  – qa – b’an   –  o.
Yes Comp-3sB-1sA- to do  –  PF.
Yes, we did it. 

Na xqab’an taj.
Na x-Ø-qa-b’an taj.
Na      x –   Ø   –  qa   – b’an    taj.
Neg1  x – 3sB – 1pA – to do Neg2.
No, we didn’t do it. 

Notice, in example 4, that when the verb is in phrase final position, it takes on a phrase final marker, /-o/ in this case. Notice also that because “chak” “work” is third person singular, the marker Ø (zero) still occupies the place of the object.

2) Derived Transitives: They attach the suffix /-Vj/ (where V = vowel) after the verb root and do not take phrase final markers.

Ex. 4
La xinutzukuj le tijoxel?
La x-in-u-tzukuj le tijoxel?
La       x     –    in  –   u   – tzukuj          le    tijoxel?
Int. Comp. – 1sB – 3sA  -to look for art.  student?
Did the student look for me?

Je’, xatutzukuj.
Je’, x-at-u-tzukuj.
Je’     x      –  at  –    u    –  tzukuj.
Yes, comp. – 2sB – 3sA-  to look for.
Yes, he/she looked for you. 

Na xatutzukuj taj.
Na x-at-u-tzukuj taj.
Na             x      –  at   –    u   –  tzukuj            taj.
Neg 1.   Comp. – 2sB –  3sA – to look for   Neg 2.
He/she did not look for you.

In Ex. 5 the derived transitive/tzukuj/ “talk” does not take a phrase-final marker, unlike /-loq’(o)/ in Ex. 4.

Third person plural object: When the third person plural object marker /-e/ occurs with the first person subject marker /-in-/ the [i] deletes and [-e] fuses with [n].

Ex. 6
Kench’ab’ej le ak’alab’.
k-e-in-ch’ab’ej le ak’alab’
k  –  e    –   in  – ch’ab’ej   le   ak’alab’
Inc.-3pB-1sA – to talk art. children.
I speak to the children. 

Vowel-initial verbs. For verbs that begin with a vowel, different set A subject markers are used.

Ex. 6
Na xinwil ta le me’s pa ja.
na x-Ø-inw-il  ta le me’s pa ja.
Na            x    –   Ø  –  inw-il            ta       le  me’s   pa   ja
Neg1  comp. – 3sB – 1sA-to see  Neg2  art   cat   loc. house
I did not see the cat at the house.

In Ex. 6 instead of /-in/ the first person singular marker is /-w/.

Ex. 7
Xatriye’j le a Tun pa le b’e.
x-at-r-iye’j le a Tun pa le b’e.
     x   –    at  –   r   -iye’j          le    a Tun     pa      le     b’e
Comp.- 2sB – 3sA -to wait  art  Antonio  loc.   art.  road
Antonio waited for you on the road

In Ex. 7, Instead of /-u/ the third person singular marker is /-r/.

Reverential address: In reverential or formal address , as we saw before with intransitive verbs, the particles la (singular) or alaq (plural) are added after the verb.

Ex. 8
Xinsik’ij la
x-in-Ø-sik’ij la
x    –  in  – Ø – sik’ij    la
Comp.-1sB-Ø-llamar 2sAF
You (formal) called me.

Abbreviation: 2sA(F) = Second person singular, Set A formal.

In Ex. 8 the marker la indexes both the subject and reverence/formality towards him/her. Note that a zero morpheme replaces the set A marker within the verb, since in formal constructions, the marker comes after the verb.

Ex. 9

Abbreviation: 2sA(F) = Second person plural, Set A (formal).

In Ex. 9 a zero appears in the position of the subject marker, and the particle alaq follows the verb.

Ex. 10
Xesik’ij la
x    –   e    –  Ø – sik’ij       la
Comp.- 3pB – Ø – llamar  2sA(F) 
You (formal) called them.

Likewise, in Ex. 10 the subject is denoted by the particle la while the third person plural object is /-e-/.

Note: When the addressee is also the verbal object, reverential address cannot be performed in the active voice. A passive or an antipassive construction are required. We will study them in future units.

Ex. 11
[Kakitzukuj alaq (*)
Ka-ki-tzukuj alaq
Ka –  Ø   –  ki  –   tzukuj         alaq
Inc.-  Ø  – 3sA – to look for  2pA(F)
Ellos los buscan a ustedes (formal).

Ex. 11 is NOT grammatical in K’iche’. Since the verbal object is also the addressee, formal address requires a passive or antipassive construction, which we will learn about later on.